StringSection Blog

Composing New Age Music

May 3rd, 2012

‘New Age’ or Relaxation Music, like all music intended as a background ambience, can elicit very mixed responses from different people. Whilst some find the neutrality of the synthesized sounds relaxing (rather like a blank canvas), others have commented that they find it repetitive and overly artificial. Well crafted music should allow the person meditating, performing yoga or experiencing a holistic therapy to mentally ‘switch off’ from internal thoughts and external stimuli. It also serves the purpose of masking intrusive noises, such as outside traffic and conversations which may be occurring nearby and the presence of music may help the client feel that they don’t need to make conversation with the practitioner to alleviate the silence. Ideally slow, without too many changes of tempo, relaxation music should create a backdrop to aid calming and allow the client to focus on any treatment they are receiving.

Often though, this seemingly neutral music can cause consternation in the listener. The seemingly slow ‘swirl’ of the synthesized keyboard textures is not everyone’s cup of tea. The use of birdsong, waterfalls, rainfall as well as the sound of dolphins, whales and other creatures can be distracting rather than relaxing. Sampled indigenous sounds (such as didgeridoos or chanting) may be greatly enjoyed by many but can occasionally alienate people who are not immersed in a New Age philosophy. So, as all our tastes are different, whilst New Age music is ultimately designed to have a relaxing influence, for some it can have the opposite effect or even provoke scorn. A friend who works as a massage practitioner commented that for the majority people who are simply coming along for a treatment on tense shoulders or a sports injury, she usually selects albums of quiet classical guitar or harp music as these are tasteful and calming without any unfamiliar or artificial noises.

This was something I reflected on whilst writing the album ‘Music for Healing, Relaxation and Massage’. The music was always going to be written with real instruments replacing the more usual synthesizers, I wanted to make sure that it was an album that could be played and enjoyed by most people, without a practitioner or clients being distracted by anything unfamiliar. The instrumentation included violins, violas, cellos, flutes, oboes and cor anglais. As the music was composed with orchestral instruments in mind (and not on a keyboard transcribed electronically), each melodic line was written to have complete independence from all the others - this is a hallmark of classical music in general. If you were to highlight and listen to one instrument, its melody would make perfect sense on its own. The music also had to effectively hold the listener in a suspended state of relaxation without using minor chords, changes in tempo, original melody – as all of these usual compositional techniques could be too distracting for a client receiving healing. The important thing was to avoid writing anything that was too memorable – again, this is the opposite of what a composer or arranger would usually do. I was advised that if a client came out of a therapy humming a catchy tune, they may not have been able to fully relax into the treatment. Writing in this new genre was a challenge, yet an opportunity to try and create a certain mood or atmosphere, where the music contributes to the effect of the healing session without dominating in any way.

Another challenge was to write twelve tracks (each of almost exactly five minutes in length), each of which had a slightly different mood, but which merged one into another seamlessly. So, it would be as if each track had a subtly different shade of colour, without this being too jarring on the senses. The beginning of the album was to represent the beginning of a treatment, with the patient gradually acclimatizing to a deeper state of relaxation, therefore the music had to reflect this by becoming more ethereal and thinly scored as the treatment progressed, being at its most sparse and minimal in the three central tracks. After this, the album gradually comes back down to earth and becomes more ‘grounded’ at the end of the healing session, with a final ‘reprise’ as a gentle signal that the hour is drawing to its close. The last track is a continuation and variation of the opening track, so this signals the end and prepares the listener for the return to the everyday world.

Although when I first started this project, I hadn’t really considered writing like this, what I gained from the project was the ability to compose in a totally new style of music – one that enables the listener to be in the moment with a sense of stillness. I had to curb any natural temptation to write interesting harmonies, counter melodies, rhythmical changes and powerful orchestration as these can be too stirring on the emotions. Feedback from several sources (including our local chiropractor) was that the music was very different from anything else she played in her clinic and that lots of her clients had remarked on how using a real orchestra was a breath of fresh air. Some people have suggested that stringed instruments might have a healing effect in their own right, with natural vibrations emanating from the harmonies and the input of human beings actually performing music on real instruments makes it sound…well, real!

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The Reason for Rosin…..

April 14th, 2012

A few weeks ago a studio engineer (on observing the ritualistic rosining of my bow hair) asked me what rosin was. It suddenly occurred to me that I knew very little about this substance which has aided my violin and viola playing for over 30 years!

Rosin derives from resin, a globulous liquid found in trees. The rosin used for stringed instruments is solid and usually derives from pines (mainly conifers). It is gained by heating up the liquid resin until a chemical change takes place and can be a variety of different colours (some amber, others a dark green).

The main purpose of rosin is to increase the friction of the bow hair. Everyone who has played a stringed instrument has (at one time or another) taken a bow with brand new bow hair and ran it along the strings. The bow skates around and produces virtually no sound at all as it hasn’t any grip. It’s rather like the sticky powder weightlifters cover their hands in before attempting to lift their weights. In fact, if we were to place a single bow hair under a microscope, what we’d see would be hundreds of tiny ‘teeth’ which cause the string to vibrate. The rosin helps the teeth to pull on the string more effectively.

I’ve heard many beliefs concerning rosin. Some players buy expensive cases of it with fine pigments of gold mixed in and swear it has a transformative effect on their sound. Personally, I’ve always been content with the cheapest rosin available and shall continue to be unfussy about this particular aspect of playing. What I can say is that it’s always worth cleaning the rosin off your strings at least fortnightly. This is because the rosin becomes compacted on the string, causing it to resonate less clearly and accentuating ‘wolf’ notes and ‘whistles’. Do this with a clean duster – no white spirit or other chemicals are needed at all. It’s also worth cleaning the body of your instrument every day to make sure the rosin doesn’t start to take hold on the varnish (particularly under the strings). It can be very sticky and discolour the varnish (marring the appearance of the wood), so again gently remove with a clean duster. Once it has taken hold and become suffused into the varnish it may be worth showing it to a luthier to see if anything can be done to remove it (in the case of an old instrument don’t use any polishes which may erode the varnish itself).

Some players swear there is a distinct difference between cello and violin rosin. They say that the cello rosin is stickier and less suited to the violin or viola. One folk player says he uses it to create a scratchier sound, yet other players have got the two types mixed up and claimed they couldn’t tell which was which! As I haven’t any experience of cello rosin, I can’t really comment, but if you have the wrong type, don’t worry. . .rosin is incredibly cheap so just go out and buy the right kind!

Staggering the Bow…..

April 6th, 2012

The term ‘to stagger’ or ‘staggering’ the bow is an orchestral technique which refers to the changing of the bow direction in order to create a seamless, legato sound. In an orchestra or ensemble of stringed instruments (whether violins, violas, cellos or double basses), the players will decide to ‘stagger’ the bowing when there is a particularly long note to be held which can’t be achieved in a single bow stroke. Instead of all the players changing at the same time (creating an audible break in the sound), the ‘staggering’ will gloss over the individual changes in bow stroke to give an impression of smoothness and continuity in the sound. This can be done in any situation where there is more than one musician playing simultaneously. It could also be used whilst overdubbing, as long as the player remembers when they changed bow in previous takes!

Recording Session at RAK Studios

April 3rd, 2012

Yesterday, we popped into RAK Studios in St John’s Wood to record some string quartet parts for a band who wanted to enhance their track with live strings. The string arranger had introduced a “Bollywood” style to the writing, so there were plenty of glissandi throughout the parts. These were very effective and gave the music an extra dimension, adding a slightly mournful quality to the strings. This style of writing was reminiscent of some of the later Beatles string arrangements, using a classical Indian influence to great effect.

As various countries and cultures have their own distinct style of writing and orchestrating for strings, some arrangers and bands can choose to utilise this to add interest to a track. By writing a western pop or rock track and asking the string arranger to compose parts with a middle Eastern, Scandanavian or Celtic flavour, the whole feel of a track can be altered to suggest a fusion of influences. In the same way, a string arranger could be approached with the brief of writing parts in the style of various decades - for example 1960’s ‘easy listening’ strings or something highly classical in nature.

A real Pianissimo….

March 13th, 2012

I remember at college, attending a regular orchestral training class with a well known leader of orchestras. He told us that often when playing in a professional string section he would make a sound he would never have made whilst playing a solo. When the whole section was required to play a velvety pianissimo they would literally tickle the string, individually producing a hazy, nondescript sound. Such a sound would have no place in any other situation; be it playing a string quartet, concerto, or even folk fiddle or jazz. And yet when 16 players all lightly touched their strings with the same almost imperceptible sound, the effect was of a truly special pianissimo. You see, if all 16 players individually played the type of pianissimo they would play at home, the overall effect would be way too loud with way too much substance of sound.

The same is also true in a recording session. Even though the circumstance is different, the means of achieving the right sound is the same. One danger here is that in a dry booth, the lightness required for a true orchestral pianissimo may sound horrible under the player’s ear. He or she must trust that when all the players deliver the same sound, then the misty, veiled pianissimo will come across - and once a little reverb is added the end result will be magical!

This is one of the most important orchestral techniques a player can develop (as well as being one of the most difficult to grasp), as it requires a unanimity of purpose from every single member of a section. It is something which student and amateur orchestras frequently struggle with. It’s also an area where the conductor can make a difference: for only by insisting on a true piano and pianissimo can the whole section be persuaded to think, feel and play as one.

Recording violin parts…

March 8th, 2012

Over the last month, we’ve been booked for two quite similar jobs - recordings which were for tracks only requiring a section of violins  - as opposed to the more usual situation of a client hiring a string quartet or string section for a recording.

When arranging for strings (in particular string orchestra), it’s usual to spread the writing throughout the violins, violas, cellos and double basses to cover the full palette of sounds and create a rich, orchestral texture (with complimentary harmonies allowing the full sonority of this combination to have maximum impact).

There are situations however, when this type of  ‘full’ string writing isn’t appropriate and would in fact overload the whole sound of a track. I remember once writing what I thought was a very complete string arrangement for a pop track, only to find that when it had been mixed all but the first violin melody disappeared! And this is the point: in certain types of music, all that is needed is a violin section countermelody to give an orchestral feel to a track. This is common in many disco classics, but also where the mid range is already full and doesn’t require any more ‘filling’. After all, texture is the key thing: if the texture is already full, it won’t need any more adding to it!

Bow Markings in Notation for Strings

January 31st, 2012

String players often discuss the need for ‘bow markings’ or simply ‘bowings’, but what are they and why do they matter?

The basic premise is that the bow travels in two directions (down and up) and whereas a versatile player should be able to play all but the most challenging passages of music starting with either direction, often one direction leads to greater ease and comfort than another. As intricate passages of music often involve many changes of string (bowing from one string to another) the direction of the bowing takes on a greater significance as it will lead to a clockwise or anti-clockwise movement of the arm (whether that be emanating from the elbow or shoulder). Generally, if a rapid bow stroke starts on the lower string and leads to the upper string, then a clockwise movement is more effortless (although there are many instances where the opposite can create a desired effect!). In this instance, a down bow on the lower string followed by an up bow on the upper string could allow the player to perform the passage smoothly. This is just the beginning, as the array of different musical contexts where an appropriate bowing can help create the desired effect are almost limitless.

Bows are also weighted in favour of the bottom part (the ‘heel’) with a much lighter upper part (leading to the ‘tip’). This means that the proportion of weight isn’t evenly distributed (which is why the point of balance on a bow is approximately a third of the way up the bow from the ‘heel’). Again, an accomplished player shouldn’t need to crescendo down to the ‘heel’ or diminuendo up to the ‘tip’ but acheive the opposite with ease. Nevertheless, there are many examples where this knowledge can be put to good use. 

In a more ‘legato’ context, all of the members of the string section are capable of acheiving a seamless, singing line where the changes of bow become invisible and the sound takes on a glowing, expressive quality - like an endlessly spun sound. This is where we can close our eyes and forget that the bow exists at all (an aspiration of most string players!). Whereas the composer’s intentions are always paramount, if more bow strokes are needed to play a certain passage, they can remain invisible if placed at natural ‘breathing points’ along the way.

If you are a composer, arranger or orchestrator and are unsure of the role of bow markings in a composition, the best advice would be to spend an hour in the company of a professional player who could explain bowings in different contexts. Or you could take a leaf out of the great Baroque masters’ book: simply leave your score blank and leave it up to the string players to bow it to their satisfaction!

Recording at the Chiller in Surrey

November 8th, 2011

Last week, four of us travelled down to a recording studio called ‘The Chiller’ in Thursley, Surrey to record 10 pieces for an indepdendent composer. Each piece was scored for string quartet and generally lasted between 30 seconds and two minutes. As none of the pieces were technically difficult, we were able to record quite a lot of music in four hours. The composer attended the session and as we weren’t playing to a click track, he conducted us in at the beginning of each piece so that the tempo was exactly what he had in mind.

Although beforehand, the idea of overdubbing an extra layer of strings was discussed, the client decided that the sound was full enough with just a string quartet. One danger of recording two layers of a string quartet can be that by having two string players in unison on any one part, the sound can end up thin with vibrato clashing. With an overdub of four players being neither a string quartet (with the beautiful sonority of individual instruments) nor a larger section, this often doesn’t sound satisfactory. In the event, the sonority of a quartet gave the sound that the client was looking for and it suited the character of his music.

We’ve observed several times that recording one player per part (as in a quartet) can have a stronger sound with more impact  because the individuality of the musician comes to the fore and the sound is more soloistic.

Recording at Black Frog Studios in Thame

November 4th, 2011

Last week we were asked to record a string quartet onto a pop song for a producer in Hong Kong. As a deadline was involved and a couple of our regular studios were either fully booked or unavailable, we contacted a local recording facility called Black Frog Studios in Thame.

Situated in an industrial unit, the studio had plenty of space to accomodate many musicians. As the parts were already very well written for stringed instruments and the producer had sent over a detailed click track alongside the mp3 of the song, recording was a very smooth and easy procedure (despite a few challenging passages in the first violin part).

Steve the engineer sent the completed track over the following morning via a file upload site and the client was very happy with the end result. It was only 5 days from the client’s initial enquiry to him receiving the finished recording, so it was vital to get studio availability as soon as possible and we’re really pleased to add Black Frog to our list of efficient and reasonably priced studios that we’d recommend.

Recording Upper Strings for Leigh Haggerwood

August 26th, 2011

On Sunday I got together once again with composer Leigh Haggerwood to record some violin and viola parts for some of his new music. Last year, we had worked with Leigh on his Florin Street Band project and it was great to catch up with him.

As this time the brief was purely to supply some solo vioiln and viola lines, I was the only musician present and therefore we were able to record at Leigh’s own studio. As usual, the melodies were memorable with terrific string parts which blended skilfully with the other instrumental parts in the track. I’m looking forward to hearing the finished result!

Photograph courtesy of Leigh Haggerwood

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